News about Bosch
Bosch drives down fuel consumption - in a salami technique
June 14, 2013
During its biennial Motor Press Colloquium press event, automotive supplier Bosch gave insights into major development currents in automotive electronics. One of the focus topics was the power train and ways to further reduce fuel consumption and CO2 emission.
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Software platform enables Europe-wide e-car charging
May 30, 2013
A joint venture of carmakers and energy provides has launched a software platform that enables e-car charging station operators across Europe to exchange billing information. Thus, they offer a charging infrastructure mechanism similar to roaming in the telecommunications segment. And users of electric vehicles can travel without worrying about finding a charging station.
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Bosch tests automatic driving on the Autobahn
May 10, 2013
If you happen to see a driver on the German Autobahn these days with no hands at the wheel, don't panic: Automotive electronics supplier Bosch is currently conducting extensive tests of automated vehicles on public roads in Germany. The purpose of these tests is assessing and further improving the technology for automatic driving in everyday driving situations.
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Bosch highlights radar technology for safety-relevant driver assistant systems
May 3, 2013
Having already manufactured one million of automotive radar sensors, Bosch expects that the significance of the radar technology for automotive safety and intelligent driver assistance systems will significantly increase in the years ahead. Demand will be driven among other factors by stricter criteria for the Euro NCAP safety assessments.
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Bosch, PSA Citroen develop hybrid drive with effective energy recuperation
March 6, 2013
A full-hybrid powertrain concept jointly developed by automotive supplier Bosch and carmaker PSA Citroen excels through particular high fuel efficiency. It also helps to significantly reduce the CO2 emission and, it offers a "boost" effect which otherwise is only achievable with rather strong electric drives.
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Project creates data exchange formats for efficient HMI development processes
February 1, 2013
The research project automotiveHMI develops standardized languages, models and interfaces that enable engineers across the automotive value chain to optimize the development process.
Read more Continental and SK Innovation launch traction battery JV
January 22, 2013
Automotive supplier Continental has inked an agreement with SK Innovation of Korea to es-tablish a joint venture dedicated to developing battery technology for vehicles. The two firms intend to concentrate their related expertise in this new company with the goal of mutually developing, producing and globally marketing traction batteries based on the lithium-ion technology.
Read more Bosch steps on the gas for traction battery development
December 13, 2012
Bosch group is moving ahead with the reorganization of its lithium-ion traction battery operations. Effective immediately, the former operating units SB LiMotive Germany GmbH in Stuttgart and Cobasys LLC based in Orion, Michigan, will be folded into the Bosch Group as a wholly owned subsidiary. The entity has been baptized Robert Bosch Battery Systems.
Read more Three-axis sensor for ESP applications is equipped with vibration damper
November 29, 2012
The Bosch SMI650 combined inertial sensor is designed to cope with the harsh environment found in a car’s engine compartment. It can withstand operating temperatures of up to +140 °C and is able to deal with even strong broadband vibrations thanks to a special vibration damper. This is the first time that an electronic control unit for the ESP electronic stability program has featured a sensor with integrated vibration damper.
Read more Audi-led research project develops e-mobility platform
November 1, 2012
In a joint research program with electronics supplier Bosch and the RWTH university of Aachen, carmaker Audi has developed a modular technology platform for electric vehicles. The modules can be utilized in different vehicle concepts from sports car to sedan or city car. The construction kit also includes a plug-in hybrid powertrain.
Read more Bosch draws up diesel exhaust gas treatment from Deutz and Eberspächer
October 12, 2012
Automotive technology providers Robert Bosch, Deutz and Eberspächer agreed to restructure their collaboration in the area of diesel exhaust-gas treatment. To this end, Bosch plans to acquire all the shares in Bosch Emission Systems GmbH & Co. KG (BESG) from Deutz and Eberspächer.
Read more Lean-angle sensor for motorbikes measures five dynamic parameters
October 5, 2012
Bosch introduced a new lean-angle sensor for motorcycles. It supplies data on the motorcycle's driving dynamics, providing the basis for numerous safety and comfort functions and ensuring safer, more comfortable, and also more dynamic motorcycling.
Read more Bosch optimizes ABS for all-terrain motorbikes
October 4, 2012
More intelligence on the motorbike - this is not an appeal to the drivers but an offer from technology provider Bosch: The company has introduced a new generation of its motorbike ABS systems which enables motorbike manufactures to offer additional safety features.
Read more Bosch builds new centre for research and advanced engineering
September 28, 2012
Technology supplier Bosch is currently investing 310 million euros in a new research center in Renningen, a suburb of Stuttgart. The campus will assume the function of a "nerve centre of our global research network", the company said.
Read more Crash detectors determines collision severity
September 25, 2012
Bosch has introduced the next generation of peripheral acceleration sensors for passenger protection systems in vehicles - the fifth one since 1996. Key features include a wide measurement range of between ±120 g and ±480 g and the choice of communication via the SPI or the PSI5-V1.3 interface.
Read more European consortium develops monolithic 122-GHz radar sensor
September 20, 2012
A European consortium has developed monolithic 122-GHz radar sensor suitable for use in automotive parking, distance and speed measurement applications. The surface-mountable package measures 8-mm by 8-mm. It includes a mixed-signal silicon germanium (SiGe) BiCMOS millimeter wave IC and antennas for transmitting and receiving.
Read more First 28-volt alternators with LIN interface
September 19, 2012
For its heavy-duty (HD) series of commercial-vehicle alternators, Bosch has announced a regulator with a LIN interface. The regulator will be the first to give vehicle makers the possibility of smart control of alternators, also in 24-volt on-board networks, the company claims. Improving the connection to the on-board electronics makes an adapted charging strategy possible, which can prolong the life of the battery and save fuel, for example.
Read more Bosch withdraws from battery JV with Samsung
September 5, 2012
In a move already widely expected in the industry, automotive supplier Robert Bosch GmbH has announced to withdraw from the joint venture with Samsung, SB LiMotive. The company now plans to develop traction batteries for electromobility on its own.
Read more Bosch improves emission behavior for marine diesels
September 4, 2012
Not only on streets environmental authorities enforce stricter limits for the emission of exhaust gas and particles. Also for engines in ships the rules get tighter. In order to meed future limits, Bosch has modified ist diesel injection systems for marine applications.
Read more Research project digs into thermal management for e-cars
August 22, 2012
Driving range is considered a key factor for the attractiveness of electric cars. Researchers from Bosch, Daimler, Sitronic, the research institute for automotive technology and vehicle motors (FKFS) and engine cooling expert company Behr GmbH have joined forces to develop a thermal management concept optimized for electrically driven vehicles. The goal is to significantly reduce the energy expenditure required to keep the power train components of e-cars.
Read more High-end ESP brings comfort and safety to drivers
August 22, 2012
Automotive supplier Bosch has introduced an especially high-performance variant to its Generation 9 brake control systems. The core of the new version is an especially efficient return pump that can build up brake pressure very fast, and almost without any vibration.
Read more Technology platform enables next-gen digital car radios
July 19, 2012
With digital car radio systems already being state of the art in some geographies while in other regions AM is still the predominant technology, a common technology for a continent-spanning radio platform is overdue. STMicroelectronics now has introduced a digital radio chipset that enables simultaneous reception and processing of AM/FM and multiple digital-radio broadcasts (e.g. DAB+). The product is accompanied by a software stack and support for a number of different broadcasting standards.
Read more Winners at the Le Mans endurance race take Bosch under their hood
June 14, 2012
During the upcoming weekend of June 16/17, the world famous "24 Hours of Le Mans" endurance race will take place. Since the year 2000, all overall winners used injection systems from Bosch. Since the winning streak of Diesel fuel vehicles started in 2006, they all were equipped with common rail systems from that vendor. Bosch is also the development partner of Audi which starts at Le Mans with its R18 e-tron quattro and R18 ultra race cars.
Read more Bosch expands automotive electronics activities in Romania
May 7, 2012
The Bosch Group plans to set up a location for the manufacturing and development of automotive electronic control units in Cluj-Napoca, Romania. In the first phase of construction work up to the end of 2013, the planned investment is 77 million euros. Construction work is to start in the second quarter of 2012, and manufacturing is scheduled to begin in mid-2013.
Read more Bosch expands infotainment business in Asia
April 26, 2012
Through its subsidiary Bosch China Investment Ltd, automotive supplier Bosch group plans to acquire a majority shareholding in the joint venture of Chery automotive company and Atech Australia, based in Wuhu, China. With the move, Bosch plans to strengthen its market position in Asia.
Read more Better driving range though energy management
April 24, 2012
Up to 15 percent more kilometers per battery charge just by improving the energy management systems - this is the goal of a research project led by the Dresden Institute for Automotive Technology. The researchers expressly do not intend to modify or change the battery itself. Instead, intelligent networking of car and infrastructure as well as better management of the in-car energy sinks will be established to reach this goal.
Read more Bosch takes Open Kernel Labs into the center stack
March 29, 2012
Bosch Car Multimedia has signed an agreement with Open Kernel Labs (OK Labs) to license its virtualization software for prototyping and development of in-vehicle infotainment systems.
Read more BMW, Daimler, Bosch and others launch e-mobility data JV
March 16, 2012
The data infrastructure that enables electromobility is the sphere of activity for a startup company named hubjet GmbH, based in Berlin. The company is a joint venture of automotive OEMs BMW and Daimler, parts supplier Bosch as well as technology provider Siemens AG. Also two utilities, EnBW and RWE are part of the team.
Read more Bosch to launch automotive sensor production in Romania
March 5, 2012
Automotive supplier Bosch Group plans to manufacture wheel-speed and crankshaft sensors for the automotive industry in its Plant in Blaj, Romania. The company plans to invest some 43 million euros up to the end of 2013 in a plant extension and new manufacturing equipment. Construction will start in the spring of 2012.
Read more Bosch rolls updated navigation app for Apple platforms
February 15, 2012
Bosch has continued development on its navigation app for the iPhone and iPad and now offers it in the new version 1.5 in the iTunes App Store. The handy stopover option and the integrated “flinc” ride-sharing service are the two main features that have been added to the graphically sophisticated premium navigation system with the easily recognizable 3D landmarks.
Read more SyEnA project makes safety systems affordable
January 23, 2012
Intelligent affordable safety systems are an important design goal for many automotive OEMs. In such systems, intelligent sensor systems play a paramount role. The SyEnA project aims at the analog and mixed signal semiconductor design workflow, significantly increasing the degree of automation in this industry segment.
Read more Bosch shrinks engine management sensor dramatically
November 25, 2011
Bosch's new SMP480 barometric pressure sensor takes just a quarter of the space compared to its predecessor. Thus, the sensor can be integrated into the electronic control unit (ECU) easier.
Read more Bosch, Mennekes ink EV charging infrastructure cooperation
November 24, 2011
Bosch Software Innovations GmbH and plug manufacturer Mennekes GmbH have agrred on a cooperation in order to create a charging infrastructure for electric and hybrid electric vehicles. While Mennekes contributes its connector systems and its charging infrastructure expertise, Bosch Software will provide an open IT-based system to interconnect and control the charging stations.
Read more Exhaust gas treatment system for off-road vehicles connect to CAN bus
November 8, 2011
Bosch Emission Systems has introduced solutions tailored to the requirements of the agricultural sector. The focus is on systems to reduce nitrogen oxides and particulate matter – systems that are not only highly efficient but are also especially compact and make optimum use of the installation space available, which is often very limited.
Read more Open Source tool speeds CAN bus related developments
November 2, 2011
Software tool vendor ETAS GmbH and Robert Bosch Engineering and Business Solutions have launched a free-of-cost open-source software for design, monitoring, analyzing and simulation of CAN bus systems. The 'Busmaster' software aims at deployment in the automotive as well as automation equipment industry.
Read more Bosch, Freescale collaborate on airbag platform
August 24, 2011
Automotive supplier Bosch group and chipmaker Freescale Semiconductor announced that they have combined their positions in automotive electronics and systems expertise to create an automotive airbag reference platform for the growing automotive safety segment in emerging markets such as India and China.
Read more Bosch builds pilot line for the production of lithium-ion batteries
August 23, 2011
Robert Bosch GmbH agreed to build a pilot production in order to research into materials and industrial production processes for future generations of lithium-ion cells. It is planned that the line will produce the first samples for trial purposes from 2012, and will then be extended until it reaches an annual production volume of more than 200,000 cells by 2015. Subsequent preparations for series production are planned for marine applications.
Read more New Bosch lambda sensors are smaller, more accurate
August 18, 2011
With the emission limits in exhaust legislation becoming ever stricter, exhaust sensors are becoming increasingly important. At the same time, automakers are becoming increasingly demanding with respect to sensors' installation space, measurement accuracy, and robustness. For this reason, Bosch is now launching the LSF Xfour, the successor generation of the tried and true LSF4.2 switching-type lambda sensor. The new sensor is smaller and more robust, and its measurement accuracy has been improved. In addition, it responds faster following a cold start.
Read more Pedal travel sensor offers wear-free operation, high safety
July 22, 2011
Automotive Supplier Bosch has introduced a new pedal travel sensor for hybrid and electric vehicles. With its contactless design, the sensor offers wear-free measurement. Redundant output signals guarantee a high level of safety.
Read more Bosch, Daimler, launch e-car motors JV
July 14, 2011
Automotive tier one Robert Bosch GmbH and carmaker Daimler AG have signed agreements on the establishment of a 50:50 joint venture for electric motors. The new company, which is to be set up under the name EM-motive GmbH, will develop and produce traction motors for electric vehicles.
Read more Bosch to provide infotainment system for Suzuki SX4
July 11, 2011
Carmaker Suzuki has selected tier one Bosch as the supplier of the infotainment system for its new SX4 model. Bosch' "Multimedia Compact" system brings a combination of audio, communications and navigation functions in an unusual compact packaging to this class of cars.
Read more Bosch invests billions in automotive technology, sketches autonomous driving scenario
June 8, 2011
Automotive technology sales for electronic systems provider Robert Bosch
GmbH will pass the 30-billion-euro threshold for the first time in
2011. The company expects growth to be around 10 percent. In the long
run, autonomous driving will be a consequence of continuously improving
driver assistance systems.
Read more Research project enhances robustness of electronic automotive components
April 20, 2011
The RESCAR 2.0 research project seeks to enhance the reliability and robustness of electronic automotive components. Six partners from all levels of the development chain have joined forces in a quest to come up with overarching solutions.
Read more Bosch, Daimler join forces for e-car motors
April 12, 2011
Daimler AG and Robert Bosch GmbH have announced to launch a joint venture for the development and production of electric motors for all-electric vehicles in Europe. The companies have signed a letter of intent and begun negotiations to establish a 50:50 joint venture, which is likely to be concluded in the first half of 2011.
Read more Bosch receives PSA Peugeot Citroën Suppliers' Award
April 1, 2011
This year's PSA Peugeot Citroën Group Suppliers' Awards went to the Bosch Group as the winner in the Innovation category: PSA's purchasing department honored Bosch's Side View Assist system for the new Citroën C4 and the HYbrid4 technology developed for the Peugeot 3008 as the most innovative automotive electronics products this year.
Read more Automotive semiconductor market sees major shift
March 14, 2011
In the booming global market for automotive semiconductors, the cards have been shuffled anew. The pole position is now occupied by Renesas; the long-standing leader Freescale has dramatically fallen behind.
Read more Bosch, Opel develop innovative infotainment system
February 15, 2011
Together with Opel, Bosch has developed an “all-in-one” infotainment system for Opel's new Corsa subcompact model. The Touch & Connect system combines audio, navigation and communications functions in one compact head unit.
Read more Bosch automotive handbook highlights current topics
February 11, 2011
For engineers and mechanics in the automotive industry, for students, for professional training and development and for anyone with an interest in automotive technology, for generations the Bosch Automotive Manual has been an indispensable source of information and an important reference work. The new 27th edition of the classic text has been thoroughly revised and considerably extended.
Read more Ethernet to gain ground in automotive applications, Bosch predicts
February 3, 2011
Having already secured a toehold in diagnostics applications, Ethernet will continue to gain territory in cars. During an industry meeting in Munich, Bosch Automotive Electronics VP Rainer Kallenbach laid out its vision of future in-vehicle networking.
Read more Blaupunkt introduces telematics division
January 28, 2011
After a restructuring process carried out by its new shareholder Aurelius Group, the Blaupunkt Group plans to enter the Telematics market as a new business field. For this reason, the vendor of car infotainment systems has launched the Blaupunkt Telematics division which intends to offer professional telematics solutions.
Read more Bosch, TomTom and others join Genivi
January 12, 2011
Along with eleven other companies, automotive supplier Robert Bosch Car Multimedia GmbH and navigation system vendor TomTom N.V. have joined the Genivi Alliance for an open source in-vehicle infotainment platform. With the move, the companies hope to benefit from cost reductions and faster time to market enabled by the open source model.
Read more Top ten of EE Times Automotive in 2010
December 22, 2010
Not that it comes as a big surprise, but the year 2010 is about to peter out – a good reason to look back and reflect what it brought to automotive electronic designers and the industry. The ten articles most read in 2010 on this site provide a good overview on what occupied the engineers.
Read more Bosch integrates pressure sensor into motorcycle ABS
December 21, 2010
Bosch is starting series production of a new version of the generation 9 ABS for motorcycles. According to the automotive supplier, the ABS 9 plus is currently the world's smallest and lightest brake control system for motorcycles.
Read more Bosch strengthens position in aftermarket diagnostics
December 9, 2010
Bosch Group's automotive aftermarket business announced it has acquired RTI Technologies Co., Ltd. The US based company specializes in the development and distribution of automotive maintenance equipment including air condition service (ACS) machines.
Read more EU Commission plans to mandate ABS for motorbikes
December 3, 2010
The EU Commission has submitted a proposal for a framework for motorcycles, aiming at improving the driving safety for motorbike riders. The framework contains a plan to equip all motorcycles with more than 125 cc displacement with antilock brake systems.
Read more Research projects explores GaN for automotive, solar applications
November 29, 2010
A research consortium led by the Fraunhofer Institute for Solid-State Physics has launched a research program aiming at exploring the potential of Gallium Nitride (GaN) as semiconductor material offering better efficiency than silicon. The research activity is relevant for the automotive industry: GaN is one of the materials that could give a boost to electric drives for vehicles.
Read more Bosch offers pressure sensor for transmissions and air-conditioning systems
November 24, 2010
With the SMP13x model series, automotive supplier Bosch for the first time offers integrated medium-pressure sensors for the automotive sector. The MEMS-based sensor features hermetic sealing and high media resistance.
Read more Bosch Motorsport steps on the gas with race-car injection system
November 16, 2010
Just a few days after Sebastian Vettel has won the Formula One championship, Bosch Motorsport launches another advance in the field of car racing: The company is offering a new gasoline direct injection system for use in racing vehicles.
Read more Bosch rolls smaller two-axes airbag sensors
November 8, 2010
The dual-axis SMA560 model for airbag control units marks Bosch's entry into the fifth generation of micro-mechanical acceleration sensors. As opposed to sensors of the previous generation, this new model, in its SOIC8 housing, combines space savings of more than 40 percent while at the same time offering a broader functional range.
Read more Citroën C4 looks over its shoulders with a Bosch side-view assistant
October 18, 2010
Lane-change maneuvers are among the most dangerous situation in today's dense city and highway traffic. In order to defuse these situations, automotive tier one Bosch has created an ultrasound-based Side View Assist system. It will make its global debut in the new model of the Citroën C4, to be launched this fall.
Read more Automotive electronics between challenges and synergies
October 7, 2010
Automotive traction technology, usage concepts, geographical
shifts, all these factors are changing and create challenges for the way
vehicle electronics are defined. Rainer Kallenbach, group board member of automotive
supplier Robert Bosch GmbH and EE Times Europe undertook a tour d'horizon of
this industry segment. Read the whole interview here.
Read more Electronic assistants climb into truck driver's cab
September 30, 2010
The IAA trade fair for commercial vehicles showed that the trend towards “electronifying” the cars has reached trucks and buses. The rationale behind the rising demand for driver assistance systems in this class of vehicles is efficiency and safety.
Read more ECU diagnosis tester from Bosch für trucks and buses
September 27, 2010
For the specific demand of truck and commercial vehicle repair shops, Bosch has designed the ECU tester KTS Truck. The test device comes with the Esitronic software package.
Read more Bosch to show plethora of automotive chips at Electronica
September 16, 2010
At the opportunity of a visit to Bosch's semiconductor plant in Reutlingen, EE Times Europe caught a glimpse of the product offerings the company is preparing for the Electronica trade show later this year. Among the products to be launched are a very small 3D inertial sensor, a power module for e-bike drives and a lambda probe IC for engine management systems.
Read more Bosch rolls baseline generator for low-price cars
August 4, 2010
With its New Baseline (NBL) generator family, Bosch has a compact generator model in its product portfolio. The generator is designed for cars with low electricity requirements, and is therefore ideal for reasonably priced small cars.
Read more Bosch airs all-electric vehicle strategy
July 8, 2010
Automotive tier one Robert Bosch GmbH has announced it will invest about € 400 million (about $ 508 million) annually in the development of all-electric powertrains and associated electronics. The company also reiterated its avowal to the internal combustion engine and hybrid drives.
Read more Brose tops automotive electronics growth ranking
July 7, 2010
The crisis of 2009 has shaken up the European automotive electronics landscape. According to market researcher Strategy Analytics, the market driver number one was the demand for systems helping car vendors to reduce fuel consumption.
Read more Bosch Car Multimedia takes Linux inside
June 30, 2010
Embedded Linux provider Montavista LLC will develop Linux-based software solutions for Bosch Car Multimedia GmbH. The first joint project of the two companies will be an in-vehicle infotainment solution, Montavista said in a press release.
Read more Cost-effective airbag control unit from Bosch
June 24, 2010
Bosch is extending its airbag control unit portfolio with an economy model. The new “AB light” has been developed for low-price vehicles, which are rapidly becoming a common sight in emerging markets such as China, India, and Brazil. The model is based on a standardized control unit concept, and offers favorably priced occupant protection. Series production started recently in Suzhou, China, for Dongfeng Motor Corporation models.
Read more Auto hack: What the industry says
June 17, 2010
A few weeks ago, a group of US scientist performed a rather spectacular hack on a car's electronics. EE Times Europe asked experts from industry and research institutes if this proves that today's cars are inherently insecure. The answers we received tell their own tale.
Read more Bosch sees massive challenges ahead for automotive electronics
June 17, 2010
The trend towards electric drives and its impact to automotive electronics has been discussed extensively throughout the industry. But industry pundits see another challenge coming up to automotive engineers: Future cars will be connected to the internet – with far-reaching consequences.
Read more Bosch launches volume production of cost-optimized steering angle sensor
May 26, 2010
Bosch's latest sensor supports basic ESP functions and integrates signal processing in the system control unit.
Read more Bosch jumps on e-bike bandwagon
May 20, 2010
They will conquer the markets much faster than e-cars: Electric bikes are already a growth market. Automotive supplier Robert Bosch GmbH now has announced to collaborate with bike vendor Cannondale in this segment.
Read more 64-bit graphics processor powers Audi A8 instrument cluster
May 11, 2010
Automotive supplier Bosch has provided details on the instrument cluster for the Audi A8 luxury sedan. A mysterious 64-bit processor controls the graphics.
Read more Jaguar equips XJ model with Bosch head unit
May 5, 2010
Bosch has developed a head unit that will be first introduced onto the market in the new Jaguar XJ. Centerpiece of the head unit is a touch-screen with a diagonal of 8 inches (20 cm). The unit offers some innovative features including 'Dual View' functionality.
Read more Bosch heads back to black figures
April 22, 2010
Automotive supplier Robert Bosch GmbH plans to return to profitability after in 2010 after the hefty 2009 dip. However, recovery takes place in Asia more than in Europe and North America.
Read more Bosch makes Esitronik workshop software more versatile
April 6, 2010
Subscribers to the Bosch Esitronic software package are provided with the latest DVD update four times a year. Data relating to new vehicle types, target values for vehicle diagnostics, up-to-date information on servicing and maintenance matters, new troubleshooting instructions and technical service information can thus be imported into the ECU diagnostic systems. Online access to the workshop information for the KTS 340 diagnosis tester is now even faster. Bosch is now offering current updates via the Internet for the comprehensively equipped KTS 340 diagnosis tester, a feature that has been available since the middle of 2009 for the KTS 200.
Read more Bosch launches 200mm wafer fab
March 17, 2010
Despite the automotive electronics slump, Robert Bosch GmbH is about to open a new production line for semiconductors. The 200mm production line represents an investment of 600 million euros (about $ 825 million) – Bosch’s largest single investment ever.
Read more Japanese OEMs join forces on e-car charging standard
March 16, 2010
In order to drive worldwide standardization of charging infrastructure elements for electric cars, five Japanese companies have launched a joint initiative. The move increases the competitive edge of the Japanese vendors over their European competitors with regard to e-car infrastructures.
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